The Strange Connection: U.S. Intervention in China, 1944 - 1972

By Bevin Alexander

Index

Acheson, Dean, 40, 50, 62, 71, 82—83, 85—86, 94—95, 98—99, 101—2, 106, 108—10, 113—14, 118—21, 123, 125 n.2, 214;

  • attitude toward Chiang, 91
  • January 12, 1950, statement, 93—94
  • named secretary of state, 80
  • regarding recognition of Reds, 85 n. 12, 91—92

Afghanistan, 192, 205

Agriculture, Chinese, 129—30, 165—70, 172—74, 177 n.2, 179—81, 185—89, 190, n.6, 206, 208. See also Communist China; Great Leap Forward, the; Peasants, Chinese

Air bases (American), 4, 8, 13

Air War College, 108

Aksai-Chin. See lndo-Chinese border dis­pute

Aleutians, 93, 100

Allied Control Council (Japan), 48

Allison, John M., 107

Amerasia case, 38—39

Amur river, 216—17

Anderberg, Edward, Jr., 83

Anderson, Orvil A., 108

Anderson, Robert B., 161

Anhui province, 72

“Anti-Rightist” campaign. See “Hundred Flowers” and “Anti-Righ­tist” campaigns

Army, Chinese. See Communist Chinese Army; Nationalist Army

Arunach Pradesh. See Indo-Chinese border dispute

Atcheson, George, 32, 39, 43

Atlantic Charter, 1941, 22

Atomic bomb. See Nuclear weapons, threats

Attlee, Clement, 118—19

Austin, Warren R., 108—9, 111—12, 120—21

Australia, 102, 146

Ba-cha island, 217

Bai Chongxi, 86

Bandung conference, 1955, 160—61

Bangkok, 149, 158

Bao Dai, 143, 145—46

Bamett, A. Doak, 209

Barr, David G., 77, 79

Barrett, David D., 17—18, 21, 23, 27—29, 85

Beijing, 41, 59, 61, 65, 67, 72, 73, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 91, 94, 95, 107, 108, 110, 112, 118, 119, 123, 129, 143—44, 146, 149, 150, 157, 161, 162, 175, 177, 181, 182, 185, 191, 192, 194, 195, 198, 203, 204, 205, 207, 208, 209, 210, 214, 216, 217, 219, 220, 222, 227

  • name restored, 83

Beijing Literature and Art, 204

Beijing University, 205

Beiping. See Beijing

Berlin blockade, 74

Bevin, Ernest, 108

Bhamo, 13

Bhutan, 182

Bird, Willis H., 27—29

Blair House, 98—99, 101

Bloody Ridge, battle of, 125

Bo Yibo, 202

Bonin islands, 153 n.2

Book of Universal Commonwealth (Da­tong Shu), 173

Bowie, Robert R., 143

Bradley, Omar N., 96, 98, 106, 115, 118, 122

Brezhnev, Leonid, 197; “Brezhnev doc­trine,” 217

Britain (United Kingdom), 16, 23, 39, 49, 71, 84, 92, 94, 97, 100, 102, 105, 118—20, 129, 140, 144—46, 150—51, 153 n.2, 159, 170, 175, 181, 207

British army, 13, 16, 102, 105, 115—17, 154 n.3, 175

British Cathay Pacific Airlines incident, 148—49

B—29 bombers, 14

Buddhists, Tibetan, 182

Buhite, Russell D., 11

Bulganin, Nikolai, 150

Bulgaria, 48

Bullitt, William C., 78, 80

Burma, 3, 4, 13, 16, 92, 146—47, 182, 192

Burma Road, 3, 4, 13

Byrnes, James F., 33, 35 n.8, 42—43, 45, 48—50, 56;

  • publishes Yalta protocol, 50

Byroade, Henry A., 51

Cabot, John M., 85

Cadogan, Sir Alexander, 95

Cadres, Communist, 133, 135, 166, 179, 181, 188, 207

Cairo declaration, 11, 100

Cambodia, 95, 152, 219

Canada, 102

Carney, Robert B., 149

Caroline islands, 153 n.2

Carter, Jimmy, 226—27

Catholic Church. See Missionaries,

Christian, in China

Cato the Censor (234—149 a. C.), 143—44

“CC clique.” See Chen Lifu

Cease-fire efforts (China), 51—52, 54, 57, 59—60, 62. See also Marshall, George C., mission to China

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 88 n.8, 113, 161, 182, 203

Ceylon (Sri Lanka), 92, 146

Chahar (former province), 59

Champion, Robert, 17

Chancellor, John, 221

Chang, Carsun, 73, 75 n.8

Changchun, 54—56, 69, 70, 72—73, 79

Changjin (Chosin) reservoir, 117

Chen-bao island, 216—17, 227 n.2

Chen Boda, 206, 217—18

Chen Cheng, 27

Chen Geng, 72, 80

Chen Guofu, 51

Chen Lifu, 51, 59, 64, 69

Chen Yi (Red commander), 67, 74 n.2, 78—79, 80

Chen Yi (Taiwan governor), 69, 74

Chen Yun, 169, 172, 180, 181, 186—87, 202

Chennault, Claire L., 3, 4, 13

Chiang, Madame (May-ling Soong), 56-57, 80

Chiang Kai-shek, 1, 3, 7--9, 11—15, 18, 20, 23, 27—29, 31—32, 38, 40, 43, 47, 50, 52—56, 59—66, 68—69, 71—73, 77—78, 80—81, 83—87, 91, 102, 106, 121—22, 129, 140, 142—43, 147, l49, 151—53, 157—63, 177, 192—93, 198, 214, 221, 226

Chifeng, 62

China. See Communist China; Nationalist China

China, north. See North China

“China differential,” the, 140, 142, 147, 170, 209

China lobby, 71—72, 82, 92, 95, 100, 102 n.l

China theater, 15, 52, 71

China White Paper, 85—86

Chindwin river, 13

Chinese Civil War. See Civil War, Chinese

Chinese Communists. See Communists, Chinese

Chongchon river, 115—17

Chongde, 61

Chongqing, 6, 12, 13, 28, 29, 31, 40, 52, 54, 62, 84, 86

Chosin reservoir. See Changjin (Chosin) reservoir

Churchill, Winston S., 11, 22, 29—30, 32, 100, 140, 158, 161, 162; “iron curtain” speech, 50

Civil War, American, 209

Civil War, Chinese, 59—63, 67—69, 72—73, 78—81, 84, 86—87, 93, 100, 111

See also Communist China; Nationalist China

Clark, Mark W., 140

Coalition government (Nationalist-Communist), 7, 12—13, 15, 18—22, 32, 40, 44—45, 47, 82

  • Marshall’s efforts at centrist party, 63—65

Collectivization, agricultural. See Communist China, land reform and collectivization

Collins, J. Lawton, 98, 120

Comintern (Third [Communist] Interna­tional), 5

Committee of One Million Against Ad­mission of Red China to the United Nations, 209, 221

Commodity units, Chinese, 131

Communes. See Great Leap Forward, the

Communist China, 19, 38, 88 n.6, 92—95 , 99—102, 106—11, 113, 119—20, 142, 144—45, 147, 150—52, 153 n.2, 157—61, 171, 175—77, 181—85, 191—92, 196, 198, 201, 203, 209, 213—17, 219—27

  • breaking inflation spiral, 132
  • conciliation gesture to U.S., 84—85; 235
  • decision to intervene in Korea, 112—13
  • defines Soviet Union as principal en­emy, 215
  • demand for Vietnam buffer state, 145
  • industrialization, 130—33, 165—66, 169, 172—74, 176, 187—89, 208
  • to intervene if North Vietnam
  • invaded, 197, 198 n.4, 203
  • land reform and collectivization, 129—31, 134—37, 165—69, 172—74, 179—81
  • to “lean” to Soviet Union, 85
  • Nixon visit, 221—2
  • offer for peaceful Taiwan settlement, 162—63
  • offer to talk with U.S. on Tai­wan, 158—59, 162
  • offers to meet U.S. in Beijing, 220
  • People’s Republic es­tablished, 86—87
  • “ping-pong” diplomacy, 220—21
  • relations with U.S. established, 226—27
  • Soviet disinterest in, 82
  • U.S. policy to destroy, 142—45
  • See also Cadres, Communist; “China differential,” the; Coalition govern­ment (Nationalist-Communist); Cultural Revolution, the; Geneva conference, 1954; Geneva negotiations, U.S.—Red China; Great Leap Forward, the; Indo-­Chinese border dispute; Korean War; Nationalist China; Negotiations, Nationalist-Communist; Peasants, Chinese; Sino-Soviet split; Taiwan; “Two-Chinas” policy

Communist Chinese army, 8, II, 18, 60— 61, 67—68, 72—73, 78—81, 84, 86—87, 106, 112—13, 115—18, 120, 122—26, 131, 141—42, 160, 175, 193, 203, 205—8, 216—18, 220

  • existence attacked by U.S.’ 45, 50
  • intervention in Korea, 112—14
  • proposed reduction, 53
  • re­named People’s Liberation Army, 60
  • Soviet gifts of arms in Manchuria, 40
  • strength said exaggerated, 41—43

Communists, Chinese, 1—3, 6, 12, 15, 17—18, 23, 37, 39, 41, 62, 69, 74, 113, 166—68, 179—80, 183, 186, 202, 206—7, 218

  • decision for revolution, 63; Mao’s thought as guide, 37;
  • “mar­garine Communists,” 4—5
  • 1927 mas­sacre, 7; proposed
  • delegation to U.S., 29, 51
  • proposed reforms, 2, 38; “28
  • Bolsheviks,” 6; U.S. denies advocating coalition, 74
  • views on democracy, 38
  • Confucianism, 202

Conspiracy theory, 24 n.7, 28, 31, 33—34, 38, 40, 42—43, 45, 53—54, 71, 74, 85—86, 93, 99, 118, 119, 142—47, 171, 174, 192, 195, 214

  • charged by Chiang Kai-shek, 53—54
  • charged by JCS, 70
  • “falling domino” theory, 94, 144, 161, 174, 195, 209
  • Kennan doubts, 48.
  • See also Containment strategy

Containment strategy, 49, 93—94, 97, 100, 118, 119

  • adoption of NSC, 68, 95—96
  • “falling domino” theory, 94, 144, 161, 174, 195, 209
  • U.S. plan to blockade China, 161—62.
  • See also Conspiracy theory

Cooperatives, agricultural. See Agricul­ture, Chinese; Communist China, land reform and collectivization; Great Leap Forward, the; Peasants, Chinese

Cromley, Roy, 29

Cuban missile crisis, 193—94

Cultural Revolution, the, 201—8, 217, 219

Cutler, Robert, 152

Czechoslovakia, 141, 217

Dabie mountains, 72, 73

Dachens, the, 147, 151, 152, 157. See also Offshore islands, Chinese

Dahushan, 79

Dai Li, 18

Dairen (Lüda), 5, 30, 33, 50, 93

Dalai Lama, 182

Damansky island, 216—17, 227 n.2

Dandong, 61

Darjeeling, 181

Davies, John Paton, Jr., 7, 17, 22—23, 27—28, 31

Defense, Department of (U.S.), 82, 108— 9, 161, 170

De Gaulle, Charles, 195

Democratic League (Chinese), 50—52, 56, 60, 63—64, 69, 73

Democratic Socialist party (Chinese), 73

Deng Tuo, 204—5

Deng Xiaoping, 180, 202, 206

Deng Zihui, 166—67

Dewey, Thomas E., 21, 80

Diem, Ngo Dinh, 146, 196, 198

Dien Bien Phu, 144—45

Dixie mission, the, 17, 22

Dodd, Francis T., 139

Dodd, Thomas J., 209

Domino theory. See Containment strategy

Donovan, William J., 27

Drumwright, Everett F., 34, 42

Duties, Allen W., 149

Duties, John Foster, 31, 140, 144—45 147—49, 151—53, 157—63, 170, 77, 191, 213, 223

Durdin, Tillman, 69

Eden, Anthony, 140, 151, 158—59, 162

Eighth United States Army in Korea. See United States Army

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 43, 56, 147—53, 157—62, 170, 174—75, 177, 191, 213

  • “unleashes” Chiang Kai-shek, 140

European Defense Community, Export-Import Bank, 53

Extraterritoriality, 5, 154 n.3

Fairbank, John, 48

Fairbank, John King, 204

Falling domino theory. See Containmen strategy

Famine, Chinese, 1960—61. See Great

Leap Forward, the

Far East Command. See MacArthur, Douglas

FDR. See Roosevelt, Franklin D.

Federal Bureau of Investigaticn (FBI), 38

Finland, 50

1st Cavalry Division, U.S. See United States Army

Ford, Gerald R., 226

Foreign Affairs, 215

Formosa. See Taiwan

Forrestal, James, 40, 42—43

“Four Olds,” the, 206

Fourteenth Air Force. See United States Air Force

France, 5, 39, 70—71, 92, 95, 1, 154 n.3, 192, 195, 218

French battalion in Korea, 126

French Indochina, See Indochina

French Union, 95

Fu Zuoyi, 80—82

Fugh, Philip, 83—84

Fujian province, 147

Fulbright, J. William, 209

Gansu province, 171

Ganzhou, 134

Gaoxiong, 148

Gauss, Clarence E., 6—7, 15, 20

Geneva conference, 1954, 144—46, 192, 223

Geneva conference, 1962, 196

Geneva convention of 1949, 139

Geneva negotiations, U.S.—Red China, 148, 162—63, 170, 198

George, Walter, 159—60

Germany, 1, 5, 13, 15, 30, 49, 70, 74, 94

Gettysburg address, 21

Gillem, Alvan C., Jr., 53—54

Goldinsky island, 217

Graves, Hubert, 112

Great Leap Forward, the, 172—74, 177, n.2, 179—89, 190 n.6, 193, 201. See also Agriculture, Chinese; Communist China, industrialization and land re­form

and collectivization; Peasants, Chinese

Great Wall, the, 72, 80, 223

Greece, 94

“Green revolution,” the, 189

Grew, Joseph C., 29, 32, 37, 40, 209

Gromyko, Andrei, 102, 123—24, 153 n.2, 184—85

Guangxi province, 86

Guangzhou (Canton), 12, 82, 84—86

Guilin, 12—14

Gulf of Tonkin resolution, 196

Guomindang. See Nationalists (Kuoming­tang)

Hai Rui, 204—5

Hainan island, 86, 93, 149

Hammarskjöld, Dag, 158—59

Hanoi, 144, 154 n.3, 203, 215, 216, 219

Harbin, 54, 61

Harding, Sir John, 159

Harriman, W. Averell, 4, 12, 24, 24 n.7, 32, 37, 107

He Yingqin, 13, 83

Heartbreak Ridge, battle of , 125—26

Hebei province, 61

Henan province, 72

Hengyang, 12

Hirohito, Emperor, 33

Hitler, Adolf, 204

Ho Chi Minh, 92, 95, 143-45, 154 n.3, 217

Hong Kong, 23, 39, 86, 92, 149, 193, 194, 207

Hoover, Herbert, 93

Huai river, 81

Huang He. See Yellow river (Huang He)

Huang Hua, 83, 84—85

Hubei province, 72

Hull, Cordell, 28

Huludao, 79—80

Hump, the, 14

Humphrey, George M., 152

Humphrey, Hubert, 180, 209

Hunan province, 86, 181, 183

“Hundred Flowers” and “Anti-Rightist” campaigns, 167—69, 172

Hungary, 217

Hungnam, 117

Hurley, Patrick J., 11—15, 16 n.2, 20—24, 27—32, 39—40; resignation, charges, 43—44

Hydrogen bomb. See Nuclear weapons, threats

I-meng mountains, 69

Inchon, 106—7, 109—10, 114

India, 92, 112, 119, 141, 146—47, 150, 175, 181—84, 193—94. See also Indo-­Chinese border dispute

India-Burma theater, 16

Indochina, 39, 92, 144—45, 195—96, 209;

  • liberation from Japanese, 39, 154 n.2.
  • See also Cambodia; Laos; Vietnam

lndo-Chinese border dispute, 181—85, 193—95

Indonesia, 95, 146, 148, 192

Industrialization, Chinese. See Communist China, industrialization; Great Leap Forward, the

Inner Mongolia, 71, 93

Intercontinental ballistic missiles

(ICBMs), 171

Iran, 49—50

Iraq, 174—75

Iron curtain speech. See Churchill, Winston S..

Italy, 50

Jaffe, Philip, 38—39

Japan, 1—2, 4—5, 23, 32—33, 37, 39, 49, 91, 100, 142, 195, 215, 216, 219, 225—26

  • peace treaty, 153 n.2

Japanese army, 3—4, 12—14, 16, 41, 43, 52, 68

Jehol (former province), 59, 61

Jessup, Philip C., 92

Jiang Qing, 205—6, 208

Jiangsu province, 61, 72

Jiangxi province, 134, 182, 183

Jilin, 70, 73

Jinan, 59, 61, 78

Jinzhou, 77, 79

Jiujiang, 182

Johnson, Louis A., 92, 96, 98—99, 106— 7, 109

Johnson, Lyndon B., 191, 195—97, 208, 210, 215

Johnson, U. Alexis, 113, 162

Joint Chiefs of Staff, U.S., 39, 41, 70— 71, 91—93, 96, 99—100, 102, 106—7, 110, 112, 114, 116, 121—24, 143, 160—61, 170

Jordan, 175

Judd, Walter H., 31, 37—38, 209

Kaesong, 124, 139

Kaiyuan, 70

Kalgan. See Zhangjiakou (Kalgan)

Kalimpong, 181—82

Kang Youwei (1858—1927), 173

Kashmir, 181

Kassem, Abd al Karim, 174

Kennan, George F., 31, 48, 92, 107, 123

  • the “long telegram,” 49

Kennedy, John F., 191, 193—95

  • proposal to strike at Chinese nuclear facility, 195

Khamba tribe. See Tibet (Xizang)

Khrushchev, Nikita, 150, 170—71, 175— 76, 180, 183—85, 194—95, 197—98

Kim II Sung, 97, 141

Kirk, Alan G., 123

Kissinger, Henry A., 215, 221—27

  • concept of five world power centers, 215

KMT. See Nationalists (Kuomintang)

Knowland, William, 92—93

Koje island, 139

Kolkhoz, Soviet collective farms, 130—31

Korea, 30, 32, 49, 71, 96—97, 144, 146, 150, 176, 192; as a buffer state, 111

  • creation of two states, 49
  • joint commission to rule, 30, 48—49
  • promised freedom at Cairo, 11
  • See also Korea War; North Korea; South Korea
  • Korea, People’s Republic of. See North Korea
  • (People’s Republic of Korea)

Korea, Republic of. See South Korea (Republic of Korea)

Korean War, 96, 99—100, 105—7, 112—13, 115—18, 120—26, 139—41, 183, 192, 197, 214—15

  • Chinese offer to suspend military action, 123—24
  • See also Peace talks, Korea; Prisoners of War (POWs), Korean War

Korean War peace talks. See Peace Korea

Kosygin, Aleksei, 197, 203, 217

Kropotkin, Peter, 87

Kung, H. H., 6

Kunming, 13—14

Kuomintang. See Nationalists (Kuomin tang)

Kuril islands, 6, 30, 33, 50, 153 n.2

Ladakh, 181

Land reform. See Communist China, land

reform and collectivization

Landlords, Chinese. See Communist China,

land reform and collectivization

Lanzhou, 171

Laos, 95, 144, 192, 196, 220

Larsen, Emmanuel S., 39

Lebanon, 174—75

Ledo road, 4

Lend-Lease, 1, 12, 22, 39

Leninism. See Marxism-Leninism, Marx­ists

Lhasa, 181

Li Weiguo, 64

Li Zongren, 78, 8 1—84, 86

Liao Mosha, 204—5

Liberation Army Daily, 205

Lie, Trygve, 94, 98

Life magazine. See Time-Ljfe magazines

Lin Biao, 67, 69, 72—73, 79—81, 86—87, 183—84, 203—7, 216—19

Lincoln, Abraham, 21

Lingling, 12

Liu Bocheng, 72—73, 80, 84

Liu Shaoqi, 129, 167, 180, 183, 202—3, 205—8, 217

Liuzhou, 13

Long March, 183

Longhai railway, 68, 72—73, 81

Lop Nur, 171, 195

Lu Dingyi, 167

Lu Shan conference, 182—84, 202

Luce, Henry, 66 n.2, 78

Lüda, 5, 30, 33, 50, 93

Ludden, Raymond P., 71

Luo Longji, 56

Luo Ruiqing, 203—4

Luoyang, 68

Lüshun. See Port Arthur (Lüshun)

Macao, 194

MacArthur, Douglas, 33, 92—93, 96, 98—102, 106—7, 109—12, 114—16, 118, 120, 125, 140

  • hearings on war policy, 122
  • relieved, 122
  • wrecks peace effort, 121—22

Macmillan, Harold, 170

McCarran, Pat, 82—83

McCarthy, Joseph, 93, 95, 142, 214

McCloy, John J., 42

McClure, Robert B., 27, 29

McMahon line. See Indo-Chinese border dispute

McNamara, Robert 5., 196, 204

Maginot line, 70

Malik, Jacob A., 94, 98, 123

Malinovsky, Rodion Y., 53—54, 175

Manchuria, 1—2, 5—6, 30, 32—33, 37, 39-40, 42—43, 52, 54, 70—71, 93, 100, 110—12, 115, 118, 214, 216

  • fear of Red takeover, 45
  • Nationalist-Communist conflict over, 54—56, 61, 68—69, 72—73, 79—80
  • promised China at Cairo, 11
  • Reds agree to KMT occupation of, 51
  • Soviet seizure of factories, 40
  • Soviets propose joint withdrawal with U.S., 48
  • Soviets seek half of industry, 52

Manchurian railway, 5, 30, 33, 50, 154 n.2

Mandalay, 13

Manila, 146, 149

Mao Zedong, 1, 5, 18—23, 29, 32, 37, 40, 51, 81—83, 85—86, 101, 113—14, 130, 166—69, 171—73, 175—77, 179— 87, 201—8, 215, 217—19, 223, 226

  • 1950 treaty with Moscow, 92—93

Marianas, 14—15

Marines, United States, 41—42, 60—61, 65, 67, 70, 110, 117, 174

  • attacks by Reds, 60—61
  • corps sent to China, 41
  • plan to station on Taiwan, 161

Marshall, George C., 4,11,13,29,43, 110, 118, l 2l

  • mission to china 44— 48, 50—54, 56—57, 59—60, 62—66, 69
  • as secretary of state, 70—74, 78, 80
  • selected as secretary of defense, 109
  • selected as secretary of state, 50, 56, 65
  • visit to Yan’an, 53

Marshall, Katherine (Mrs. George C.), 44, 54, 80

Marshall islands, 153 n.2

Marshall mission to China. See Marshall George C., mission to China; Truman, Harry S.

Marxism-Leninism, Marxists, 6, 133, 167, 171—72, 201, 205, 214

Masan, 139

Matsu (Mazu), 147, 152, 158—62, 175— 77.

  • See also Offshore islands, Chinese

Matthews, Francis P., 108—9

Meisner, Maurice, 218

Melby, John F., 59

Mikoyan, Anastas, 150

Miles, Milton (Mary), 18, 31

Military assistance advisory groups (U.S.), 52, 68, 72, 77, 82, 121, 146

Ming dynasty, 205

Missionaries, Christian, in China, 134

Molotov, Vyacheslav, 12, 20, 33

Mongolia. See Inner Mongolia; Outer Mongolia

Moscow Communist conference, 1960, 193

Mountbatten, Lord, 8

Mukden (Shenyang), 54—55, 69, 70, 72— 73, 77, 80, 113

Mutual-defense treaty, U. S.—Nationalist, 151—52, 158, 192, 226

Myitkyina, 13

Nanji, 147, 158. See also Offshore is­lands, Chinese

Nanjing, 54, 55, 62, 63, 67, 71, 80, 81, 83, 84

Nanning, 172

Napoleon Bonaparte, 218

National Assembly (Chinese), 40, 53, 60, 63—64, 73, 77

National Guard, U.S., 105

National People’s Congress, 170

National Press Club, 93—94, 97, 100

National Research Council on Peace Strategy, 201

National Security Council (U.S.), 82, 88 n.8, 91, 107—10, 142—43, 147, 149— 52, 158—59

Nationalist army, 3—4, 8, 11, 39—40, 60, 72—73, 77—81, 100, 106, 118, 121, 140, 147, 149, 160;

  • proposed reduction, 53
  • training by U.S., 39—40, 59, 61
  • Y-force, 13—14

Nationalist China, 1, 5, 33, 40—41, 48— 49, 53, 61, 68, 71, 73—74, 77—78, 82, 84, 93—94, 97, 102, 108, 120, 142, 148—49, 152, 153 n~2, 158, 162—63, 170, 175—76, 182, 193, 209, 214, 224—25

  • hyperinflation, 73, 78
  • move to Taiwan, 81, 84, 86
  • mutual-defense treaty with U.S., 15 1—52, 158, 221, 226
  • recognized by Stalin
  • See also Communist China; Nationalist army; Negotiations, Nationalist-Communist; Taiwan; “Two-Chinas” policy; United States

Nationalists (Kuomintang), 1—3, 51

  • groups backing KMT, 1—2, 38
  • on democracy, 12, 38
  • views on governmental reform, 53—54, 60-69, 73

Navy, U.S. See Seventh Fleet, U.S; United States Navy

Navy Group China, U.S., 18, 29, 31

Negotiations, Nationalist-Communist, 23, 29, 32, 40, 50, 62—63

Nehru, Jawaharlal, 108, 151—52, 162, 182, 184

Nepal, 182

Netherlands, the, 5, 95

Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission, 141

“New democracy,” 19

New York Times, 69

New Zealand, 102, 146, 151

Newsweek , 209

Ngo Dinh Diem. See Diem, Ngo

Ngo Dinh Nhu, 196

Nguyen Van Thieu, 220

Nie Rongzhen, 80, 112

Nitze, Paul, 107

Nixon, Patricia (Mrs. Richard M.), 222, 223

Nixon, Richard M., 213, 215, 217 27

  • concept of five world power centers, 215

Normandy invasion, 1944, 159 ~ North Atlantic Treaty Grganiz~ (NATO), 87, 146

North China, 2, 5—6, 37, B—41,129

  • U.S. moves KMT troops to, 39, 41

North East Frontier Agency. See China border dispute

North Korea (People’s Republic of Korea), 49, 96—99, 101, 105—6, 108, 110, 119, 122, 124—25, l41, 143, 197;

  • U.S. plan to conquer, 107, l09-18, 142
  • Zhou Enlai’s warning to intervene, 112—13.
  • See also Korea; Korean War; South Korea (Republic of Korea)

North Vietnam. See Vietnam

Norway, 94

NSC 48/2, 92

NSC 68, 95—96, 99, 105

NSC 81, 109—10

NSC 166, 143

Nuclear weapons, threats, 29—30, 33, 42, 48, 95, 144, 150, 161, 162, 170—72, 195, 203, 217

  • Alamogordo test, 33
  • China explodes A-bomb, 197
  • China explodes hydrogen bomb, 207—8
  • Hiroshima, 33
  • Kennedy proposal to strike at Chinese nuclear facility, 195
  • possible use on offshore islands, 150, 159— 6
  • Soviets supply A-bomb technology to China, 170—71, 176
  • Soviets with­draw A-bomb assistance, 183, 185
  • use threatened in Korea, 118

Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 18, 27—29

Offshore islands, Chinese, 147—53, 157— 59, 161—62, 175—77

  • their strategic un­importance, 163 n.2.
  • See also Dach­ens, the; Matsu (Mazu); Nanji; Quemoy (Jinmen)

Okinawa. See Ryukyu islands (Okinawa)

Onjong, 116

Outer Mongolia, 30, 32, 93, 216, 219

Overseas Press Club, 50

Pakistan, 146, 205

Pandas, giant, 227

Panikkar, Kavalam Madhara, 112—13

Panmunjom, 124, 126, 139

Paris Commune, 1871, 173, 205, 218

Paris negotiations on Vietnam peace, 215, 220

Patterson, Robert P., 42, 43

Peace talks, Korea, 124—25, 139—41

“Peaceful coexistence,” Chinese program of, 150, 155 n.9, 162, 163 n.4, 191—92, 208, 215

Peasants, Chinese, 2, 6, 129—30, 134—37, 165—67, 168—70, 172—74, 177 n.2, 241, 185—89, 190 n.6

  • Communist land reform decision, 63, 129.
  • See also Agriculture, Chinese; Communist China, land reform and collectivization; Great Leap Forward, the

Peng Dehuai, 113—16, 122, 176, 180—84, 189 n.3, 202, 204

Peng Zhen, 205

Penghu. See Pescadores (Penghu) islands

People’s Bank, 131—32

People’s Consultation Council (PCC), 40, 51—52, 54, 60, 63, 69, 86

People’s Court, 133

People’s Daily, 168, 175, 204, 210

People’s Liberation Army. See Communist Chinese army

People’s Republic of China. See Communist China

People’s Republic of Korea. See North Korea (People’s Republic of Korea)

“Permanent” revolution, 201—2, 204, 217

Pescadores (Penghu) islands, 93, 140, 147, 152, 157, 159

Philippines, the, 93, 100, 146, 161

Phnom Penh, 219

PLA. See Communist Chinese army

Poland, 141, 149, 176

Port Arthur (LOshun), 30, 33, 50, 93, 151, 154 n.2

Potsdam conference, 33

Prisoners of War (POWs), Korean War, 139—41

Protestant churches. See Missionaries, Christian, in China

Pusan, 98, 105

Pusan perimeter, 105, 110

Pyongyang, 115, 119

Qasim, Abe al Karim, 174

Qing dynasty, 173

Qingdao, 41, 52, 59, 61, 81, 84

Qinhuangdao, 41, 61

Quebec conference (second), 13

Quemoy (Jinmen), 147, 149—50, 152—53, 158—62, 175—77. See also Offshore is­lands, Chinese

Radford, Arthur W., 147, 149, 160, 161—62

Railways, Manchuria. See Manchurian

railways

Rangoon, 13

Rau, Sir Benegal N., 119

Red China. See Communist China

Red Cross, International, 141

Red Flag, 206

Red Guards. See Cultural Revolution, the

Renminbi Chinese currency, 131, 133. See also Commodity units, Chinese

Republic of Korea. See South Korea (Re­public of Korea)

Revolutionary committees. See Cultural Revolution, the

Rhee, Syngman, 97, 108, 141, 143

Ridgway, Matthew B., 120, 123—25, 140, 149, 160—61

Robertson, Walter S., 32, 41, 51, 161

Rogers, William P., 216, 221—22, 224

ROK. See South Korea (Republic of Ko­rea)

“Rollback” policy, U.S., 100. See also Containment strategy

Romania, 48

Romanoff dynasty, 214

Rome, ancient, 143—44

Roosevelt, Franklin B., 4—6, 8—9, 11, 13—15, 18, 20—23, 29—33, 50, 92, 100, 213

Roschin, N. V., 82

Roth, Andrew, 38—39

Rusk, Dean, 92, 95, 198, 204

Russia. See Soviet Union

Ryukyu islands (Okinawa), 93, 153 n.2, 216

Sakhalin, 5, 30, 50, 153 n.2

Salween river, 13—14

Sasebo, 99

Satellites, Soviet, 48, 111, 118, 213—14; U.S. accuses China

  • of being, 85—86

Schram, Stuart, 19

2nd Infantry Division, U.S. See United States Army

Senate, U.S., 82, 109, 153 n.2, 158, 209 Seoul, 98, 106, 120

Service, John Stewart, 18, 20, 32, 38—39, 43

Seventh Fleet, U.S., 99—101, 119, 129, 149, 159, 161, 176, 216

7th Infantry Division, U.S. See United States Army

Shaanxi province, 2, 5, 17, 68, 81

Shandong province, 41, 53, 59, 69, 72, 78

Shanghai, 47, 62, 67, 68, 69, 73, 80, 81, 84, 131, 205, 224

Shanxi province, 6

Shenyang. See Mukden (Shenyang)

Sherman, Forrest P., 101

Shijiazhuang, 73

Shue, Vivienne, 136

Siberia, 195

Sichuan province, 6, 84

Sino-Soviet joint-stock companies, ISV

Sino-Soviet split, 174—76, 183, 186, 191—95, 198, 203, 215, 217, 219

Siping, 54, 55, 69, 72, 73

Smith, H. Alexander, 92, 209

Smith, Walter Bedell, 143

Snow, Edgar, 2 19—20

Songhua river, 67, 69—70

Soong, Ai-ling, 6

Soong, May-ling. See Chiang, Madame (May-ling Soong)

Soong, T. V., 6, 13, 27, 50, 69

South Korea (Republic of Korea), 49, 93—94, 96—99, 101, 105—7, 110, 112, 115—18, 120, 124—25, 140—41, 216. See also Korea; Korean War; North Korea (People’s Republic of Korea)

South Vietnam. See Vietnam

Southeast Asia Command, 8

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

(SEATO), 146—47, 158

Soviet army, 33, 54, 180, 203, 214, Soviet Union, 1, 5—6, 15, 18, 23, 28, 30, 33, 48, 71, 74, 82, 85, 86, 93, 95—97, 101—2, 107—11, 116, 118—20, 122—23, 130, 140, 142—48, 150­153 n.2, 165—66, 170—71, 175-180—85, 191, 193—98, 203, 207—8, 213—17, 219

  • defined as principal enemy of China, 215
  • withdrawal of technicians from China, 186
  • See also Communist China; Conspiracy theory; Containment strategy; Nationalist China; Sino-Soviet split; United States

Sputnik satellite, 171

Sri Lanka, 92, 146

Stalin, Joseph, 4—5, 12, 29, 31—33, 48, 82, 92, 97, 108, 130, 141, 154 n.2, 166, 172, 214

State Department, U.S., 20, 37, 42, 70—71, 83, 93, 107—8, 112, 121, 143, 177, 192

  • China White Paper, 85—86
  • Hurley charges Red influence, 43

Stettinius, Edward R., Jr., 28, 34 n.3, 35 n.8

Stevenson, Adlai, 140

Stilwell, Joseph W., 3—4, 7—9, 11—15, 16 n.5

Stimson, Henry L., 11, 40

Struble, Arthur B., 106

Stuart, John Leighton, 60, 62, 65 n.2, 71, 78, 81—85, 214

Stump, Felix B., 159

Sultan, Daniel I., 15—16

Sun Ke, 82—83

Sweden, 141

Switzerland, 95, 141

T—34 tanks, 97—98, 105

Tadzhik republic, 216

Taft, Robert A., 92—93, 109

Taipei, 86, 161

Taiwan, 1, 39, 69, 91—93, 95—96, 106—7, 109, 111, 118—20, 129, 140, 142—43, 147—48, 150, 152—53, 157—62, 170, 175—77, 191—93, 198, 209—10, 216, 221—22, 224—25

  • direct U.S. aid begins, 121
  • as KMT bastion, 81, 84, 86
  • mutual-defense treaty with U.S., 151— 52, 158, 192, 221, 226
  • promised China at Cairo, 11
  • quarantine of, 96, 98,100, 101
  • Red offer for peaceful solution to Taiwan issue, 162—63
  • stationing U.S. missiles on, 170, 176; U.S. agrees to defend, 157
  • U.S. plan to blockade mainland China, 161—62. See also Communist China; Nationalist China; “Two-Chinas” policy

Taiyuan, 81, 84

Talleyrand (Charles Maurice de Talleyr­and-Périgord), 7—8

Tanaka Kakuei, 225—26

Tang Enbo, 84

Tanggu, 41, 52, 61, 80—81

Tashkent, 4

Tass news agency, 50

Tehran conference, 5, 33

Thailand, 38, 146, 158, 192, 196

Third Amphibious Corps. See Marines, United States

38th parallel. See Korea; Korean War

Thomson, James C., Jr., 198, 209

Tianjin, 41, 61, 65, 72, 80—81

Tibet (Xizang), 91, 129, 150, 170, 181— 82, 184

Time-Life magazines, 22, 78

Times, New York. See New York Times

Trade embargoes. See “China differen­tial,” the

Truman, Harry S., 21, 33, 39—40, 49-. 50, 52, 71, 73—74, 78, 82, 85, 92, 95— 96, 98—102, 106—7, 109—10, 113—22, 134, 140, 214

  • hard policy toward Moscow, 49
  • January 5, 1950, statement, 93
  • Marshall mission to China, 44-45, 55, 61, 65
  • 1948 election, 80
  • rejects Chinese cease-fire offer in Korea, 123—24
  • rejects Red gesture, 85

Truman doctrine. See Containment strategy

Tuapse incident, 148

Tuchman, Barbara, 48

Turkey, 49, 94, 103, 116

25th Infantry Division, U.S. See United States Army

Twining, Nathan F., 149, 160

  • “Two-Chinas” policy, 151, 158, 162, 177, 185, 192, 198, 222—23
  • U.S. plan to blockade mainland, 161—62

United Nations, 71, 91—94, 96—98, 101— 2, 107, 110—12, 119—20, 124, 142, 158, 170—71, 175, 192—93, 195, 197— 98, 209

  • admission of Red China, 222
  • declaring Red China an aggressor, 120—21
  • effort for cease-fire Taiwan strait, 151
  • resolution to conquer North Korea, 111
  • resolutions on Korea, 98—101

United Press news service, 54

United States, 1—3, 11, 15, 23, 30—31, 38, 56, 62, 67, 71, 95, 97, 101—2, 109, 112—13, 118—21, 140—41, 144— 46, 150—51, 153 n.2, 161, 171, 175— 76, 183—84, 191—92, 195, 197, 203, 208—10, 213—16, 219

  • agrees to talk with Beijing on Taiwan strait peace, 162; aid to KMT, 55—56, 59, 61, 70— 71
  • China White Paper, 85—86
  • congressional authority to defend Taiwan, 157
  • containment strategy, 49—50
  • decision to favor Nationalists, 40, 42
  • decision to intervene in China, 44—46
  • diplomatic ties with Red China established, 226—27
  • idea of independent Taiwan, 81
  • mutual-defense treaty with South Korea, 141
  • mutual-defense treaty with Taiwan, 151—52, 158, 192, 221, 226
  • Nixon visit to China, 221— 27
  • “ping-pong” diplomacy, 220—21
  • plan to blockade China, 16 1—62
  • policy to
  • destroy Chinese Communists, 142— 44
  • reducing aid to KMT, 71—74
  • rejection of Red conciliation, 84—85
  • rejects Chinese effort to suspend hostilities in Korea, 123—24
  • stationing missiles on Taiwan, 170
  • See also “China differential,” the; Communist China; Conspiracy theory; Containment strategy; Geneva negotiations, U.S.— Red China; Nationalist China; Soviet Union; “Two-Chinas” policy

United States Air Force, 13, 98, 100— 101, 105—6, 114, 122, 124, 157, 161, 176, 203

United States Army, 13, 101, 105—6, 110, 115—18, 120, 122—23, 125—26

  • See also Military Assistance Advisory Groups (U.S.)

United States Navy, 41, 57, 96, 100— 101, 105—6, 147, 157, 159, 176, 203, 216; plan to blockade China, 161—62. See also Seventh Fleet, U.S.

UNRRA (United Nations Relief and habilitation Administration), 53

Unsan, 116

U.S. Information Service, 48

U.S. News & World Report, 109

Ussuri river, 216

Uzebekistan, 4

Van Fleet, James A., 125

Vandenberg, Hoyt S., 120

Vaughn, Miles, 54

Veterans of Foreign Wars, 109

Vietcong. See Vietnam

Vietminh, 92, 95, 143—45, 154 n.3,

Vietnam, 92, 143—46, 154 n.3, 176, 191—92, 196—97, 198 n.2, 203—5, 10, 213, 215—16, 219—20, 227

  • China demands North Vietnamese buffer state, 145
  • China to intervene if Vietnam invaded, 197, 198 n.4
  • recognized by China, USSR, 95

Vietnam War. See Vietnam

Vincent, John Carter, 70—7 1

Vishinsky, Andrei, 154 n.2

Vladivostok, 195

Wake island conference, 114—15

Walker, Walton H., 110, 115—16,11

Wallace, Henry A., 4, 6—8, 11

Wang Bingnan, 162

Wang Shijie, 33

War Department. See United States Army

Ward, Angus, 70, 87 n.3

Warsaw negotiations, U.S.—Red ( 176, 193, 198, 216, 220, 224

Washington, D.C., 5, 14, 15, 30, 62, 108, 110, 112, 113, 116, 11, 149, 159, 183, 204, 209

Watergate, 226

Wedemeyer, Albert C., 8, 13, 27-. 41—43, 47, 60, 71—72

Wei Lihuang, 77, 79

Weihai, 59

Western Europe (as power center), 215

“Whampoa clique,” 51

White, Theodore H., 22

Whiting, Allen S., 171

Wilson, Charles E., 149, 151, 15

World War I, 125

World War II, 5, 130

Wu Han, 204—5

Wu Xiu-zhuan, 119

Wuhan, 51, 73, 207

X Corps. See United States Army

Xiamen (Amoy), 147, 149

Xi’an, 81, 84

Xingcheng, 72

Xinjiang province, 5, 71, 82, 93, 171, 181, 193, 216, 217

Xizang. See Tibet (Xizang)

Xuzhou, 80

Y-force. See Nationalist army

Yalta conference, 29—34, 50, 153 n.2

Yalu river, 113—16, 119, 122

Yan Xishan, 81

Yan’an, 2, 7, 17, 20—21, 23, 27, 29, 31, 37, 40, 61,

63, 68

Yangzi (Yangtze) river, 51, 80, 81, 82, 83, 205

Yantai, 41, 59

Yao Wenyuan, 205

Ye Jianying, 51

Ye Qun, 218, 219

Yeh George, 152

Yellow river (Huang He), 53, 72

Yenching University, 60, 83, 85

Yijiangshan islands (Yushan). See Dachens, the

Youth party (Chinese), 51

Yu Dawei, 54

Yugoslavia, 98, 213

Yunnan province, 220

Zaozhuang, 67

Zhang Qun, 51, 69

Zhang Zhizhong, 53

Zhangjiakou (Kalgan), 62, 80

Zhejiang province, 147, 157—58

Zheng Jiemin, 51

Zhengzhou, 181

Zhou dynasty, 167

Zhou Enlai, 17, 21—23, 28—29, 40, 50— 51, 53—56, 60, 62—63, 84—85, 101, 112, 119, 121, 141, 146, 150, 152, 154 n.2, 158—59, 162—63, 167, 170, 172, 175—76, 180, 182, 184, 186—87, 197—98, 206, 208, 215, 217—23, 225, 226

  • named premier and foreign minis­ter, 86
  • 1950 treaty with Moscow, 92— 93
  • warning of intervention in Korea, 112—15

Zhu De. 18. 39, 41, 83, 207

Zhu Shiming, 14

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